Basic Field Epi: Course Resource Book/en - Revision history

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← Revisi sebelumnya		Revisi per 27 Maret 2015 10.38
Baris 80:		Baris 80:

	{{example\|On Soleh's farm, there are many cows and a large number of calves are born in one season. This year most of the calves develop abscesses on the navel. Soleh wants his animals treated so they can recover and wants to know why so many of this animals developed the problem this year. He also wants to know what he can do to prevent it from happening again next year.		{{example\|On Soleh's farm, there are many cows and a large number of calves are born in one season. This year most of the calves develop abscesses on the navel. Soleh wants his animals treated so they can recover and wants to know why so many of this animals developed the problem this year. He also wants to know what he can do to prevent it from happening again next year.
−	Para-vet Ibu Putri, visited Pak Soleh's farm. She found that all the calves that had abscesses on the navel were born in a small yard that was very dirty. All the calves that were born out in paddocks on the grass were healthy.
−	She concluded that calves born in the dirty yard were getting sick because the dirty environment was exposing them to bacterial infection soon after birth. She advisors Pak Soleh that cleaning the calving yard or calving cows in clean pasture will help to reduce the risk of abscess in the future.}}

	Para-vet Ibu Putri, visited Pak Soleh's farm. She found that all the calves that had abscesses on the navel were born in a small yard that was very dirty. All the calves that were born out in paddocks on the grass were healthy.		Para-vet Ibu Putri, visited Pak Soleh's farm. She found that all the calves that had abscesses on the navel were born in a small yard that was very dirty. All the calves that were born out in paddocks on the grass were healthy.

@@ Baris 700: / Baris 700: @@
 {{example|For example:
 The figure below shows a simulation of a contagious disease being introduced into a susceptible population. The lines represent the number of animals
 * that are susceptiblethat are infected and showing clinical signs

@@ Baris 712: / Baris 712: @@
 [[Image:Susceptible_infected_and_clinical_in_a_population.svg]]
-{{example|In this example there are 500 animals in the population at the beginning; all 500 animals are susceptible, there are no clinical infections, and no recovered animals. This means the disease is not present within the population in the beginning.
+In this example there are 500 animals in the population at the beginning; all 500 animals are susceptible, there are no clinical infections, and no recovered animals. This means the disease is not present within the population in the beginning.
 When the contagious disease is introduced, initially there will be a small number of infected animals. Over time these animals will infect others and the disease will spread within the population. This is shown by the rise in clinical animals (infected animals with clinical signs) and the fall in susceptible animals.

← Revisi sebelumnya		Revisi per 27 Maret 2015 10.36
Baris 321:		Baris 321:

	{{example\|Pak Paimin examines Budi's 2 cows that have diarrhoea. He looks at them and they both look a little weak, their eyes are sunken and they are depressed. From a distance they have very watery diarrhoea.		{{example\|Pak Paimin examines Budi's 2 cows that have diarrhoea. He looks at them and they both look a little weak, their eyes are sunken and they are depressed. From a distance they have very watery diarrhoea.
−	~~Pak Paimin puts his gloves on and then examines both animals closely. Overall the results of the clinical examination from the two animals were similar. Pak Paimin notes in his diary:~~
−	* slight increases heart rate
−	* pulse rate same as heat rate, strong
−	* respiratory rate and lung sounds normal
−	* gums pink but tacky and capillary refill time > 2 seconds - slow
−	* temperature increased above normal - 39.8, 40.1
−	* skin stays tent on pinching - dehydrated
−	* diarrhoea very watery, foul smelling and contains blood and what looks like intestinal lining
−	Pak Paimin explains to Budi that most of the clinical signs he can see are caused by dehydration which is secondary to the diarrhoea. The diarrhoea is causing the cows to lose a lot of water from their bodies. The animals are systemically ill (fever and depression).
−	~~When Pak Paimin finished looking at the animals he cleaned up, washed his hands, and started looking around the farm.}}~~

	Pak Paimin puts his gloves on and then examines both animals closely. Overall the results of the clinical examination from the two animals were similar. Pak Paimin notes in his diary:		Pak Paimin puts his gloves on and then examines both animals closely. Overall the results of the clinical examination from the two animals were similar. Pak Paimin notes in his diary:

@@ Baris 734: / Baris 734: @@
 In order for infectious diseases to continue to occur, infection has to be transmitted from an infected animal to a susceptible animal. If this does not occur, the disease will disappear.
-{{hlbox|*'''''Transmission''' describes how an infectious agent can move from one animal to another.''
+{{hlbox|'''''Transmission''' describes how an infectious agent can move from one animal to another.''
 '''''Maintenance''' refers to how an infectious agent can survive or continue to occur in a population over time. ''

← Revisi sebelumnya		Revisi per 27 Maret 2015 10.36
Baris 851:		Baris 851:

	{{example\|For example:		{{example\|For example:
−	The initial investigation of ''Mad Cow Disease ''or ''Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)'' in the United Kingdom suggested that the disease was likely to have been spread through contamination of cattle feed products with meat and bone meal. Preventative measures involving a ban of feeding ruminant-derived protein were identified from initial epidemiologic investigations and put in place well before the agent was identified. Years later additional research identified the causal agent (a prion) and confirmed that the initial recommendations were effective in preventing further spread of the disease.}}

	The initial investigation of ''Mad Cow Disease ''or ''Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)'' in the United Kingdom suggested that the disease was likely to have been spread through contamination of cattle feed products with meat and bone meal. Preventative measures involving a ban of feeding ruminant-derived protein were identified from initial epidemiologic investigations and put in place well before the agent was identified. Years later additional research identified the causal agent (a prion) and confirmed that the initial recommendations were effective in preventing further spread of the disease.}}		The initial investigation of ''Mad Cow Disease ''or ''Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)'' in the United Kingdom suggested that the disease was likely to have been spread through contamination of cattle feed products with meat and bone meal. Preventative measures involving a ban of feeding ruminant-derived protein were identified from initial epidemiologic investigations and put in place well before the agent was identified. Years later additional research identified the causal agent (a prion) and confirmed that the initial recommendations were effective in preventing further spread of the disease.}}

@@ Baris 65: / Baris 65: @@
 == Using epidemiology and clinical skills together ==
-{{hlbox|'''''Clinical skills and laboratory tests''' are used to gather information from a single sick animal to diagnose the cause of the disease. ''
+{{hlbox|''Clinical skills and laboratory tests are used to gather information from a single sick animal to diagnose the cause of the disease. ''
 ''Epidemiology gathers information from a group of animals (sick and healthy) to describe patterns which help us determine the possible causes of disease. ''}}

@@ Baris 129: / Baris 129: @@
 Epidemiology and clinical skills need to be used when investigating poor performance in livestock. A good investigator will be able to tell whether poor production or poor health is due to an infectious disease or due to some other cause such as poor feed.
 {{example|Yesterday Budi reported to his local Pelsa that one of his cows was lame. The Pelsa sent a General Signs report (Tanda Umum using the U message) to iSIKHNAS.
 Pak Paimin (the para-vet) received the notification from iSIKHNAS and talks to Budi. Budi tells Pak Paimin that there is one cow that is lame and she has been lame for several weeks now. She is skinny and her calf is weak. There are also 2 cows with diarrhoea.

@@ Baris 11: / Baris 11: @@
 == What is field epidemiology ==
-{{hlbox|'''''Epidemiology '''is the study of the patterns and causes of disease in groups of animals or populations.''<br />
+{{hlbox|'''''Epidemiology '''is the study of the patterns and causes of disease in groups of animals or populations.''
 '''''Field epidemiology''' refers to applying epidemiology skills in the field - on farms and in day-to-day work to address real problems for livestock owners.''}}