Basic Field Epi: Manual - Revision history

Catriona at 03:11, 25 February 2014

2014-02-25T03:11:49Z

Catriona: Marked this version for translation

2014-02-24T02:46:09Z

Marked this version for translation

Catriona at 02:44, 24 February 2014

2014-02-24T02:44:19Z

Catriona at 02:41, 24 February 2014

2014-02-24T02:41:17Z

Catriona at 02:39, 24 February 2014

2014-02-24T02:39:37Z

Catriona at 02:38, 24 February 2014

2014-02-24T02:38:34Z

Catriona at 02:37, 24 February 2014

2014-02-24T02:37:38Z

Catriona at 02:33, 24 February 2014

2014-02-24T02:33:35Z

Catriona at 02:18, 24 February 2014

2014-02-24T02:18:47Z

Catriona at 02:13, 24 February 2014

2014-02-24T02:13:20Z

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-This training course is designed to support their work and increase the job satisfaction of para-vets.
+This training course is designed to support the work of para-vets and to increase their job satisfaction.
 == What is field epidemiology == <!--T:185-->

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 The bacteria ''Pasturella multocida'' is the infectious agent involved in Haemorrhagic septicaemia. The diagram below shows some of the causes of Haemorrhagic septicaemia and how these causes influence the occurrence of disease in an individual animal. You can see that this diagram is trying to show a complex interaction between many different individual causes that can influence whether or not disease occurs in any one animal.
 [[Image:Causal_diagram_Haemorrhagic_septicaemia.svg|thumb|Causal diagram showing some of the causes of Haemorrhagic septicaemia and how these causes influence the occurrence of disease in animals]]
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 By understanding the interaction between causes in the environment, the way the agent behaves and the susceptibility of the host you can do things which will lower the risk of infection to other animals. Burning any carcases to ash, properly disposing of soil contaminated with body fluids from the infected animals and vaccinating the entire herd will lower the risk of ongoing infection from spores in the environment. There are many other management and husbandry activities which can also be considered.
 [[Image:Causal_web_Photo_1.svg|thumb|Causal web for Photosensitisation]]
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 ''Lantana camara'' is an invasive species of flowering plant. The leaves on the plant are toxic to animals and cause liver damage. Animals usually avoid the plant but may eat it when there is no other food due to reasons such as drought or flooding, or poor management. Poor herding may allow access to the plant. In addition, animals will always seek access to green fodder (grass, reeds, leaves etc). This causes an accumulation of chlorophyll in the skin and when exposed to strong sunlight the pale skin of animals quickly becomes badly damaged by sunburn.
 [[Image:Causal_web_Photo_2.svg|thumb|Key component causes of Photosensitisation]]
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 The diagram below shows the progression of an infectious disease in individual animals showing disease states and outcomes in shaded boxes at the top. The diagram is ordered in time from left to right.
 [[Image:Progression_of_infectious_disease.svg|thumb|Progression of an infectious disease in individual animals]]
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 The figure below shows the number of animals in each group (susceptible, infected or clinical, and recovered) following introduction of a contagious disease into a population of 500 animals.
 [[Image:Susceptible_clinical_recovered_groups.png|thumb|]]
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 In order for transmission to occur, an infectious agent has to leave the infected animal and enter a susceptible animal.
 [[File:Transmission.png|thumb|Transmission of an infectious agent from an infected host to a susceptible host]]
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 The epidemic curve below shows time in days on the x-axis (horizontal) and a count of new cases on the y-axis (vertical).}}
 [[Image:Epidemic_curve_1.png|thumb|Epidemic curve]]
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 Highly contagious diseases have an exponential pattern with a steep rise followed by a progressive decline as susceptible animals are exhausted in the population.
 [[Image:Epidemic_curve_2.png|thumb|Epidemic curve - Highly contagious disease]]
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 A disease outbreak associated with point exposure of animals (single exposure at a point in time e.g. toxic spill or food poisoning at a picnic) will show a sharp rise in cases and then a sharp fall.
 [[Image:Epidemic_curve_3.png|thumb|Epidemic curve - Disease outbreak]]
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 Endemic diseases that are not very contagious will show a fairly level pattern with some small peaks and troughs but no large rises.}}
 [[Image:Epidemic_curve_4.png|thumb|Epidemic curve - Endemic disease]]
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 {{example|Pak Paimin finds there have been lots of reported diarrhoea cases in the village where the calf came from and also in the next Kabupaten where the drain runs to from Budi farm. Pak Paimin alerts the DINAS vet and together they create the below epidemic curve and plan a more detailed epidemiological investigation.}}
 [[Image:Epidemic_curve_5.png|thumb|Epidemic curve]]

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-* Don't keep chicken too many chickens in a small area and keep the area clean
+* Don't keep too many chickens in a small area and keep the area clean
 * Keep chickens in good health - worm, vaccinate, provide good feed and water
 * Dispose of dead birds properly (bury or burn them)

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 <!--T:518-->
-[[Image:Disease_map_example_from_iSIKHNAS.png|thumb|400px|Example of a simple map generated by iSIKHNAS to help you monitor where disease is occurring]]
+[[Image:Disease_map_example_from_iSIKHNAS.png|thumb|Disease map generated by iSIKHNAS]]
 <!--T:517-->

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 {{example|Pak Paimin finds there have been lots of reported diarrhoea cases in the village where the calf came from and also in the next Kabupaten where the drain runs to from Budi farm. Pak Paimin alerts the DINAS vet and together they create the below epidemic curve and plan a more detailed epidemiological investigation.}}
-[[Image:Epidemic_curve_5.png|200px|thumb|left|Epidemic curve]]
+[[Image:Epidemic_curve_5.png|thumb|Epidemic curve]]
 == Arranging and analysing data to look for associations == <!--T:523-->

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 <!--T:508-->
-The epidemic curve below shows time in days on the x-axis (horizontal) and a count of new cases on the y-axis (vertical).[[Image:Epidemic_curve_1.png|thumb|Epidemic curve]]}}
+The epidemic curve below shows time in days on the x-axis (horizontal) and a count of new cases on the y-axis (vertical).}}
 <!--T:509-->
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 Highly contagious diseases have an exponential pattern with a steep rise followed by a progressive decline as susceptible animals are exhausted in the population.
 <!--T:514-->
 A disease outbreak associated with point exposure of animals (single exposure at a point in time e.g. toxic spill or food poisoning at a picnic) will show a sharp rise in cases and then a sharp fall.
 <!--T:515-->
 Endemic diseases that are not very contagious will show a fairly level pattern with some small peaks and troughs but no large rises.}}
 ===Place=== <!--T:516-->

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 <!--T:504-->
 Epidemiology studies patterns of disease occurrence. To find the patterns we need to count cases and non-cases. These counts can be used to describe disease occurrence in terms of '''''time, place, and animal'''''. Doing this will help us understand the disease, its impact, and explain how and why the disease occurred. This will help develop control strategies.
 ===Time=== <!--T:505-->
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 <!--T:508-->
-The epidemic curve below shows time in days on the x-axis (horizontal) and a count of new cases on the y-axis (vertical).}}
+The epidemic curve below shows time in days on the x-axis (horizontal) and a count of new cases on the y-axis (vertical).[[Image:Epidemic_curve_1.png|thumb|Epidemic curve]]}}

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-[[File:TrichostrongylusLifeCycle.png|thumb|400px|The trichostrongylus spp. life cycle in sheep and cattle.]]
+[[File:TrichostrongylusLifeCycle.png|thumb|The trichostrongylus spp. life cycle in sheep and cattle.]]
 <!--T:447-->
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 <!--T:449-->
-[[File:AnthraxLifeCycle.png|thumb|400px|Anthrax life cycle.]]
+[[File:AnthraxLifeCycle.png|thumb|Anthrax life cycle.]]
 <!--T:450-->