https://wiki.isikhnas.com/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Translations%3AAdvanced_Field_Epi%3AManual_1_-_Disease_Investigation%2F474%2Fen 2026-08-19T21:42:48Z Revision history for this page on the wiki MediaWiki 1.31.16 https://wiki.isikhnas.com/index.php?title=Translations:Advanced_Field_Epi:Manual_1_-_Disease_Investigation/474/en&diff=36782&oldid=prev 2015-05-10T07:18:36Z

<p>Importing a new version from external source</p> <p><b>Halaman baru</b></p><div>{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Study type !! Characteristics !! Advantages !! Disadvantages<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0.049cm;padding-left:0.049cm;padding-right:0.049cm;&quot;| Descriptive<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:none;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0.049cm;padding-left:0cm;padding-right:0.049cm;&quot;| * Observational * Describe patterns of disease in the population <br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:none;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0.049cm;padding-left:0cm;padding-right:0.049cm;&quot;| * Relatively quick and easy * Can generate hypotheses on possible risk factors for further investigation * Doesn't require random sampling or high degree of rigour<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:none;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0.049cm;padding-left:0cm;padding-right:0.049cm;&quot;| * Doesn't support hypothesis testing or inference for possible risk factors * Can't estimate prevalence or incidence or exposure proportions * Subject to inherent biases and errors because of the nature of the data<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0.049cm;padding-left:0.049cm;padding-right:0.049cm;&quot;| Cross-sectional<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:none;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0.049cm;padding-left:0cm;padding-right:0.049cm;&quot;| * Observational * Observation at point in time * Outcome/exposure not considered in selection<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:none;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0.049cm;padding-left:0cm;padding-right:0.049cm;&quot;| * Disease prevalence in exposed and unexposed populations can be estimated * Exposure proportions can be estimated * Relatively quick and cost-effective * Can study multiple factors at once<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:none;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0.049cm;padding-left:0cm;padding-right:0.049cm;&quot;| * Unsuited to investigating rare diseases * Less useful for acute diseases * May be difficult to control potential confounders * Incidence cannot be estimated * May be difficult to determine causality * May be problems with reliability of data/recall for historical data<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0.049cm;padding-left:0.049cm;padding-right:0.049cm;&quot;| Case-control<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:none;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0.049cm;padding-left:0cm;padding-right:0.049cm;&quot;| * Observational * Retrospective longitudinal * Selection based on outcome status<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:none;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0.049cm;padding-left:0cm;padding-right:0.049cm;&quot;| * Good for rare diseases * Relatively rapid and cost-effective * Relatively small sample sizes * Often use existing data * Can study multiple factors at once<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:none;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0.049cm;padding-left:0cm;padding-right:0.049cm;&quot;| * May be difficult to establish causality * Can't estimate prevalence or incidence or exposure proportions * Rely on access to historical data or recall * Difficult to validate data * May be affected by variables for which data is not collected * Selection of controls often difficult<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0.049cm;padding-left:0.049cm;padding-right:0.049cm;&quot;| Cohort <br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:none;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0.049cm;padding-left:0cm;padding-right:0.049cm;&quot;| * Observational * Prospective longitudinal * Selection based on exposure status<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:none;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0.049cm;padding-left:0cm;padding-right:0.049cm;&quot;| * Can calculate incidence in exposed and unexposed individuals * Can provide strong evidence for causality<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:none;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0.049cm;padding-left:0cm;padding-right:0.049cm;&quot;| * Exposed/unexposed proportions cannot be estimated * Large sample sizes, particularly for rare diseases * Can only investigate small number of potential risk factors at any one time * Long duration of follow-up * Relatively expensive and time-consuming * Loss of individuals to follow-up * May be difficult to control potential confounders<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0.049cm;padding-left:0.049cm;padding-right:0.049cm;&quot;| Field/clinical trials<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:none;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0.049cm;padding-left:0cm;padding-right:0.049cm;&quot;| * Intervention * Longitudinal * Randomised selection<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:none;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0.049cm;padding-left:0cm;padding-right:0.049cm;&quot;| * Relatively quick * Good for helping establish causation * Usually strong internal validity * Relatively small sample size and usually short duration * Can't estimate incidence/prevalence<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:none;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0.049cm;padding-left:0cm;padding-right:0.049cm;&quot;| * May be problems with external validity, particularly to diverse target population * Can be expensive depending on the intervention and situation * Requires significant cooperation and rigorous management</div>

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