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| Nama | Teks sekarang |
|---|---|
| r Inggris (en) | {| class="wikitable" |- ! Study type !! Characteristics !! Advantages !! Disadvantages |- | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0.049cm;padding-left:0.049cm;padding-right:0.049cm;"| Descriptive | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:none;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0.049cm;padding-left:0cm;padding-right:0.049cm;"| * Observational * Describe patterns of disease in the population | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:none;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0.049cm;padding-left:0cm;padding-right:0.049cm;"| * Relatively quick and easy * Can generate hypotheses on possible risk factors for further investigation * Doesn't require random sampling or high degree of rigour | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:none;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0.049cm;padding-left:0cm;padding-right:0.049cm;"| * Doesn't support hypothesis testing or inference for possible risk factors * Can't estimate prevalence or incidence or exposure proportions * Subject to inherent biases and errors because of the nature of the data |- | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0.049cm;padding-left:0.049cm;padding-right:0.049cm;"| Cross-sectional | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:none;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0.049cm;padding-left:0cm;padding-right:0.049cm;"| * Observational * Observation at point in time * Outcome/exposure not considered in selection | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:none;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0.049cm;padding-left:0cm;padding-right:0.049cm;"| * Disease prevalence in exposed and unexposed populations can be estimated * Exposure proportions can be estimated * Relatively quick and cost-effective * Can study multiple factors at once | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:none;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0.049cm;padding-left:0cm;padding-right:0.049cm;"| * Unsuited to investigating rare diseases * Less useful for acute diseases * May be difficult to control potential confounders * Incidence cannot be estimated * May be difficult to determine causality * May be problems with reliability of data/recall for historical data |- | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0.049cm;padding-left:0.049cm;padding-right:0.049cm;"| Case-control | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:none;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0.049cm;padding-left:0cm;padding-right:0.049cm;"| * Observational * Retrospective longitudinal * Selection based on outcome status | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:none;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0.049cm;padding-left:0cm;padding-right:0.049cm;"| * Good for rare diseases * Relatively rapid and cost-effective * Relatively small sample sizes * Often use existing data * Can study multiple factors at once | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:none;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0.049cm;padding-left:0cm;padding-right:0.049cm;"| * May be difficult to establish causality * Can't estimate prevalence or incidence or exposure proportions * Rely on access to historical data or recall * Difficult to validate data * May be affected by variables for which data is not collected * Selection of controls often difficult |- | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0.049cm;padding-left:0.049cm;padding-right:0.049cm;"| Cohort | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:none;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0.049cm;padding-left:0cm;padding-right:0.049cm;"| * Observational * Prospective longitudinal * Selection based on exposure status | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:none;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0.049cm;padding-left:0cm;padding-right:0.049cm;"| * Can calculate incidence in exposed and unexposed individuals * Can provide strong evidence for causality | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:none;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0.049cm;padding-left:0cm;padding-right:0.049cm;"| * Exposed/unexposed proportions cannot be estimated * Large sample sizes, particularly for rare diseases * Can only investigate small number of potential risk factors at any one time * Long duration of follow-up * Relatively expensive and time-consuming * Loss of individuals to follow-up * May be difficult to control potential confounders |- | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0.049cm;padding-left:0.049cm;padding-right:0.049cm;"| Field/clinical trials | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:none;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0.049cm;padding-left:0cm;padding-right:0.049cm;"| * Intervention * Longitudinal * Randomised selection | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:none;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0.049cm;padding-left:0cm;padding-right:0.049cm;"| * Relatively quick * Good for helping establish causation * Usually strong internal validity * Relatively small sample size and usually short duration * Can't estimate incidence/prevalence | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:none;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0.049cm;padding-left:0cm;padding-right:0.049cm;"| * May be problems with external validity, particularly to diverse target population * Can be expensive depending on the intervention and situation * Requires significant cooperation and rigorous management |