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• If the RR is greater than 1 and is associated with a significant p-value or if the 95% confidence interval for the RR does not include 1, then the risk factor is associated with an increased risk of disease.
• If the RR is less than 1 and is associated with a significant p-value or if the 95% confidence interval for the RR does not include 1, then the risk factor is associated with a reduced risk of disease. Often factors with a RR less than one are called protective risk factors because they are associated with a reduced risk of disease.