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Cohort studies are generally likely to be used in later stages of a disease investigation or in follow-up studies to test hypotheses about causal factors. Cohort studies start with a population that does not have the disease (population at risk) and detect new cases of disease. They can measure incidence rate and are used to produce relative risks as a measure of association between disease and risk factors. Cohort studies may also be more useful when there is interest in assessing specific exposures and particularly rare exposures since these can be defined and used to select the groups at the beginning of the study.