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Surveillance to identify infected animals or infected herds/flocks is an essential component of any control or eradication program. For such programs, surveillance could be targeted at individual animals on-farm (for example, test-and-slaughter programs for brucellosis or bovine tuberculosis eradication), or could use aggregate samples, such as bulk-milk or pooled faeces, or could use off-farm sampling such as through milk factories or abattoirs (for example, milk-ring testing to identify brucellosis-infected herds).