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Statistical tests provide a p-value (probability) that is interpreted as the likelihood of obtaining the results by chance alone if there was no association between risk factor and disease. Where the p-value is greater than a defined threshold, (alpha=0.05 or in some cases 0.1), we interpret the findings as not-significant and as indicating that the result could have occurred by chance alone and that the evidence does not support an association between the risk factor and disease. When the p-value is less than the threshold then we interpret the finding as significant and as indicating that there is an association between the risk factor and disease.