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For the same specimens submitted to each of the two tests, the investigator records the appropriate frequency data into the 4 cells of a 2x2 table, a (both tests positive), b (test 1 positive and test 2 negative), c (test 1 negative and test 2 positive), and d (both tests negative). The value kappa (k), a measure of relative agreement beyond chance, can then be calculated using software such as EpiTools or using formulae in standard epidemiology texts.